Networking Fundamentals
Beginning
The first iteration of the Internet was within the ARPANET project in the late 1960s. This project was funded by the United States Defence Department and was the first documented network in action. However, it wasn't until 1989 when the Internet as we know it was invented by Tim Berners-Lee by the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW). It wasn't until this point that the Internet wasn't used as a repository for storing and sharing information (like it is today).
Research
Tim Berners-Lee: [WIP]
ARPANET: [WIP]
IP Addresses
Set of numbers divided into four octets: 192.168.1.1
Protocols:
IPv4: 2^32 ( 4.29 billion IPs) - 86.157.52.21
IPv6: 2^128 (340 trillion-plus IPs) - 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
MAC Addresses:
Media Access Control address is assigned by the factory to a physical network interface when it was built.
It is a twelve-character hexadecimal number: a4:c3:f0:85:ac:2d
Ping (ICMP):
Network tool that allows us to determine the performance of a connection between devices:
LAN:
Local Area Network
Subnetting:
Subnetting is the term given to splitting up a network into smaller, miniature networks within itself. [WIP]
ARP Protocol:
Address Resolution Protocol [WIP]
DHCP Protocol:
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol [WIP]
OSI:
Open System Interconnection Layers:
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Packets & Frames
Rule:
When we talk about IP Addresses, we talk about Packets. When we do not talk about IP Addresses, we talk about Frames.
Packet Headers:
TTL | Checksum | Source Address | Destination Address
Ports 101
Numerical value between: 0-65535
Most common ports:
Web: HTTP (80) - HTTPS (443)
FTP: 21
SSH: 22
SMB: 445
RDP: 3389
Full list of common (1024 common ports): http://www.vmaxx.net/techinfo/ports.htm
Firewall
[WIP]
Snort: https://www.snort.org/
VPN
[WIP]
DNS
command to get DNS Records of a website:
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